The growing complexity of air transport systems highlights the rising importance of differentiated development within MAS. A multidimensional indicator system is developed, comprising two hierarchical layers and ten basic indicators encompassing airport attributes and route network characteristics, using a combined subjective-objective weighting approach. To quantify the influence of city characteristics on MAS differentiation, city developed coefficient and city distance coefficient are introduced. Furthermore, complex network theory and the DSC are applied to evaluate overlapping routes differentiation. Empirical analysis of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei MAS indicates that PKX and PEK exhibit the lowest level of comprehensive differentiation, whereas PKX and CDE demonstrate the highest. Both route network and comprehensive differentiation exhibit a bipolar distribution. Finally, targeted strategies are proposed for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei MAS to promote collaborative operations and coordinated development.

differentiated development, MAS, multidimensional indicator system, DSC, complex network theory