Driven by the "carbon neutrality" goal, the global textile industry is accelerating its transformation toward a sustainable development model, with the core lying in replacing traditional petroleum-based synthetic polymers with biobased fibers. This review systematically summarizes the breakthrough advances in plant cellulose, regenerated cellulose, protein, and polysaccharide-based functional fibers in the textile field in recent years. Focusing on the systematic engineering chain of "biobased precursorsmultiscale–structural design–textile functionalization", this review deeply analyzes how researchers have addressed the inherent technical bottlenecks of biobased materials such as flammability, low wet strength, and single functionality through advanced strategies including layer-by-layer self-assembly (LbL), molecular synergy, micro/nano interface engineering, and double network interpenetration. It highlights the performance adaptation and emerging applications of biobased textile materials in high-end fields such as adaptive intelligent sensing, tissue repair engineering, high-efficiency environmental filtration, and high-durability protection. Finally, the review critically points out the current challenges in long-term durability, technology readiness level (TRL) of large-scale manufacturing, and the construction of closed-loop recycling systems, and prospects the integration direction of synthetic biology and intelligent manufacturing technologies in building the next-generation sustainable textile systems.

biomass fiber, sustainable textile, structural architecture, functionalization